Printing > Section 2 Printing of Ethnic Minorities
China is a multi-ethnic country. There are 56 ethnic groups living together in the vast land of the East. For thousands of years, the Han people and other fraternal peoples have promoted each other and developed together, creating a splendid Chinese civilization. However, due to historical reasons, most of the ethnic minorities in China are located in the northeast, southwest, and outlying areas in the northwest. In order to promote the economic and cultural development in these areas and strengthen the unity of the nation, the Central Government established a printing press for printing books and periodicals mainly in ethnic minorities in Beijing and in some areas as the industrial basis for publishing minority books and periodicals.
Printing Factory >I. National Printing Factory
In January 1951, the State Council approved the expansion of the original North China printing plant with only a few dozen staff members into a central national printing factory. In 1963, it was renamed the National Printing Factory and was affiliated with the National Publishing House. It prints books, prints, and prints of eight kinds of languages such as Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, and North Korean, Manchu, and Yi nationality. After more than 30 years of construction, the plant has become one of the largest professional printing houses in the country with the most advanced equipment and complete technological support. By 1990, there were nearly 800 employees, consisting of 12 ethnic groups including Han, Mongolian, Tibetan, Hui, Manchu, Zhuang, Miao, Uygur, Kazak, and North Korea. Among them, ethnic minority workers account for 23% of the total number of workers in the entire factory.
In order to improve the printing quality of ethnic minority languages as a whole, the factory also established a manuscript design and font sculpture team for minority languages. From 1965 to 1984, the factory successively supplied 250,000 Uighur copper molds, 210,000 Mongolian copper molds, and 140,000 Tibetan copper molds to printing houses in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces and autonomous regions. There are 160,000 copper molds in Xibo, Baba, and Korean. At the same time, in order to support the printing industry of ethnic minorities in remote areas, the national printing factory has trained 105 workers in Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Yanbian, Jilin, etc., in order to arrange, type, mold, and make paper.
After entering the 1980s, China's book and newspaper printing technology has undergone epoch-making changes, and computer typesetting has been used instead of manual lead typesetting. The National Printing Factory cooperated with a computer service company to build a computerized computer room for national characters. It also completed hardware improvements and software development for Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kirgiz text computer terminals (Cart. 19-6). Since then, the national printing plant has opened up a new process route for the printing of ethnic minority characters from movable typesetting to computer typesetting, and from lead printing to lithographic printing.
Printing> Second, printing of ethnic minority languages in provinces and autonomous regions
In order to develop cultural and educational undertakings in ethnic minority areas, in areas with a large population of ethnic minorities, such as Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Yanbian, Jilin, most large-scale minority-language text printing plants (or typesetting workshops) have been established. ). The Yanbian area in Jilin Province is a region with a relatively dense population of Korean nationality. Yanbian Xinhua Printing Factory in Jilin Province is a large-scale printing and printing factory that mainly prints Korean literature.
The factory was established in June 1948. At the time of its establishment, it was only a small workshop of 300 square meters, 4 printing machines, 8 printing machines, 2 casting machines, 1 lithographic printing machine, and 61 employees. After more than 30 years of development, by 1984, the whole plant had 7 major production workshops such as typesetting, lead printing, plain printing and binding, and had 803 employees, of which Korean employees accounted for about 70% of the total number of employees. The annual production capacity is: 53,100,000 words in typesetting, 62,000 in reams, 44,000 in plain colors, and 68,000 in reams.
In the early days of construction, due to the poor quality of the old Korean text model, it not only affected the typesetting, but also the printed text was difficult to identify. In order to solve this problem, the factory arranged for an old engraving worker to spend more than three years creating a total of 10 new Korean characters. This set of fonts not only for the use of the factory, but also supplies the Beijing National Printing Factory, which has contributed to the unity of the fonts and specifications of the Korean language printing across the country. In addition to Korean, the factory can also print books in various languages such as Chinese, Japanese, English, and Russian.
The factory also noticed that plain printing was the direction of development of books and periodicals. Since 1983, more than 70 advanced flat printing and related equipments have been purchased one after another, so that the production capacity of plain printing has been greatly improved. While introducing advanced equipment, they also paid great attention to cultivating technology and management personnel. They dispatched nearly 90 employees in batches to universities and colleges, TV universities, letter schools, vocational schools, and technical schools.
In 1975, the State Council approved the "Report on the Symposium on the Translation and Publication of Ethnic Minority Characters Books", which proposed that the Mongolian Book Publishing Collaborative Group be established in eight provinces and autonomous regions including Inner Mongolia, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and actively organize local publishing of various types of modern Science and cultural knowledge, a type of Mongolian books. For this purpose, a Mongolian printing factory was established in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. By 1989, the factory had 450 employees and its annual production capacity was 60.647 million words for printing, 64.565 million for letter printing, 35,000 for color printing, and 70,000 for binding.
Tibetans are also a nation with a long cultural history among the ethnic minorities in China. Although the Tibetan population is small, it is widely distributed. In order to strengthen the printing capacity of Tibetan books and periodicals, Tibet's Xinhua Printing Factory was established in Lhasa in 1970 and was officially put into production in 1972. The factory has a production workshop for typesetting, printing and binding. In 1980, there were 45 complete rotary machines, vertical platform printers, and off-press printing machines. There were 320 employees, of whom 70% were Tibetans. In the 10 years since its establishment, it has produced a total of 1032 kinds of books and 23.17 million copies, of which 497 are Tibetan books and 17.8 million copies. In 1980, 16,000 reams were printed and installed, 164 titles of various kinds of books, totaling 2.898 million copies, including 86 kinds of Tibetan-language books, 2.14 million copies.
In 1974, Qinghai National Printing Factory was established in Qinghai. In addition, Qinghai Xinhua Printing Factory set up a Tibetan workshop in 1976, specializing in printing books and magazines.
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest and largest area in western China. It is home to ethnic minorities such as Uygur, Kazakh, Hui, Kirgiz, and Mongolia. Xinjiang Xinhua Printing Factory is such a symbol of multi-ethnic unity. The factory's predecessor was Xinjiang Mint. In 1952 Xinjiang banknotes ceased to be used as books and magazines. There were only 4 typographical presses, 10 lithographs, and several disc machines. In 1953, the private arts printing factory was incorporated into the factory. In 1961, more than 200 technical management personnel were transferred from Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory, National Printing Factory, Foreign Language Printing Factory and other units, which strengthened the technical strength of the plant and further Expand production scale.
In 1980, the factory had 911 employees, including 573 Han Chinese, 195 Uighurs, 44 Kazakh, 30 Mongolian, 65 Hui, 2 Manchu, 1 Xibo and 1 Daur. In addition to typographical Chinese books and periodicals, the factory also prints ethnic minority languages such as Uyghur, Kazak, and Mongolian (Cart. 19-7). The entire plant has a total of more than 300 various equipment, the annual printing capacity of 168 million reams. In 1980, more than 400 books were completed, of which 232 were minority languages, accounting for 58%.
The Yunnan Province bordering China's southwest is also a multi-ethnic region. In addition to undertaking a large number of prints in the Chinese language, Yunnan Xinhua Printing Co., Ltd. also undertakes the printing of books and periodicals for ethnic minorities such as the Dai, Jingpo, Yi, Lahu, and Qiang ethnic groups.
The above is only the printing of books and periodicals of the more important ethnic minorities at the central and provincial levels. In fact, in the administrative areas and county-level printing factories where the ethnic minorities live, there are also certain ethnic minority characters printing capabilities. They have also contributed to the development of cultural education in ethnic minorities in China.
Printing > Section 3 Foreign Language Printing
China has enjoyed world-wide reputation for its five thousand years of civilization and its splendid Chinese culture. In order to introduce China's culture to foreign countries and let foreigners better understand China, in 1949, the General Information Department decided to relocate the printing equipment of the Shanghai Freedom Press and the mainland newspaper to Beijing to build a foreign language printing factory. In 1951, the factory was officially completed and put into production. July 1952 was placed under the leadership of the General Administration of Publication. After several changes in the future, in October 1963, it was under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Language Publishing and Distribution Bureau.
At the beginning of the establishment, there were only about 100 employees. The equipment was outdated, the factory was small and the technical level was very low. Only the English editions of "Telecommunications Daily", "Chinese Literature", "People's China" and other publications were printed. Afterwards, the equipment will be updated year after year, and the area of the factory will continue to expand. By the end of 1984, the factory was equipped with typesetting, lead printing, plain printing, gravure printing, rotary printing, binding of 6 production workshops and 1 mechanic workshop. The factory covers an area of 124 acres, plant construction area of 52270 square meters, 1982 employees. The annual production capacity is: more than 100,000 pieces of 16-page printing, 150,000 printing of lead printing, 267,000 printing of plain printing, and binding of 157 thousand reams.
Compared with Chinese characters, Western Pinyin characters have a huge difference both in terms of their textual structure and in terms of text typesetting and printing. This makes the foreign language printing have several characteristics different from the Chinese character printing: 1 There are many varieties, there are about 20 kinds of words about 500 kinds of varieties each month. 2 The complexity of the development is not like the general publication 32, 16 open, almost all kinds of open, have as little as 64 open, as large as 8 open, there are open, there are all kinds of odd format. 3 There are more than one periodical, with an average of 65 different types of texts and monthly journals. In addition to accomplishing these tasks, he also undertakes the typesetting, printing, and binding businesses commissioned by some domestic publications and foreign publishers.
The biggest feature of the foreign language printing factory is that there are many foreign languages. In addition to arranging Chinese, it is also able to rank the world's major language texts. Latin styles include: English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Indonesian, and Finnish. Text, Swedish, Esperanto, Portuguese, Danish, Norwegian, Dutch, Hungarian, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Serbian, Albanian, Latvian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Welsh, Swedish There are more than 30 species such as Wahrivan, Hausa, Vietnamese, and Icelandic; Slavic style includes: Russian, Bulgarian, and New Mongolian. There are also Japanese, Hindi, Tamil, Burmese, Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi,
